factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society
factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society
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vi. Good, Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. Religion: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: The clan chooses the heir. Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. ii. The continuance of Aboriginal society is dependent on keeping Aboriginal families strong and healthy both physically and culturally. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. Family plays a central role in African society. As such children at an early age learn that their father has little authority or responsibility for them. [1] This explains why the family household included servants, female slaves, and their children. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. - Widows and orphans feel dehumanized. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. Most social scientists agree that kinship is based on two broad areas: birth and marriage; others say a third category of kinship involves social ties. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. The new hair that grows shows the beginning of new life. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. 1. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. 6. iii. Makini. The African notion of "family," by contrast, typically refers to the extended family system. could advice on when to go to war. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created by marriage and those that result from descent , which is socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. The belief in Christianity has also affected traditional beliefs in death to believe that death is a gateway to heaven and there is resurrection of the body. 2. A person's position in the kinship system establishes their relationship to others and to the universe, prescribing their responsibilities towards other people, the land and natural resources. v. They drive a way witches and evil spirits. Kinship ties definition: Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. Phone: (540) 828-5351 - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. - They preside over important occasions such as initiation, planting and marriage. 3. 41 Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change. Other significant strengths are that the traditional African family increased group cohesion in an otherwise harsh physical and social environment. Such influences as end of intra and inter-tribal warfare with the coming of European colonialism, the Western money economy, industrialization, migration, and urbanization have certainly transformed the traditional African family from what it was 50 to 100 years ago. Everybody in the community is expected to work hard. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. They also have the ability to stop rain. - This special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth. vi. For example, among the Tumbuka38 of Eastern Zambia the verb kugula (to buy) is used to refer to purchasing of material objects or commodities and domestic animals. Explaining these changes would require a different chapter. Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. In some communities, a pregnant women returns to her parents when the time for giving birth draws near. 35 3Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions. The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. - It also shows that the woman is fully integrated to the husbands family - There are certain rules and regulations she is expected to observe. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. Goode, William J. Information on traditional marriage customs among both patrilineal and matrilineal peoples of Zambia is available in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988). Barnes, Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970). In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. There is no bride price in our society. Challenges facing herbalists 1. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. However, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been greatly affected by influence of Christianity, western culture and formal education. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989), 38 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 126. Edited by G.A. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. Elders are respected [32777] [42770]. That is one cannot escape it 2 It brings impurity to the family and thus several rites are observed after death 3 It deprives the family and the community of the individual. When one dies, he joins the world of the living dead. 4. Those who abuse sex are heavily punished. 8. 4. Courtship gives the two families time to prepare in advance for the real marriage. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. pp. p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. The common descriptions of the African traditional family in the literature is Eurocentric and biased. 4. The author obtained his B.A in Sociology and Psychology at University of Zambia in 1976, M.A, Ph. c. The corpse is washed using water. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. Indeed, such authors as Chondoka have recently found little accuracy or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife. But quite to the contrary, the clan seems to have a more supreme influence. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. Because of this wide spectrum, it is not possible to explore all aspects of the traditional African family. Similar systems of kinship terminology can be found, for example, among the Ndebele of Zimbabwe, the Zulu of South Africa, the Ngoni and Tumbuka of Eastern Zambia. There are strict rules and taboos governing sex. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. After initiation, one has the right to marry. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. They are referred to as the Eskimo, Hawaiian, Sudanese, Omaha, Crow, and Iroquois systems. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. 6. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. Some communities such as the Maasai still maintain their traditional way of dressing. iv. Marriage has been commercialized - many people demand higher payment for their daughter. According to Dziro and Mhlanga (2018), urbanization, HIV/AIDS, and poverty in Africa are all factors that stifle the effectiveness of informal kinship approaches to proper childcare and. - The bathing symbolizes the beginning of a new state in life. GAZETTE: How have ancestors . These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 24 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. - Life also continues after death, death does not mark the end of life but is just a change of state. A total of 68 linguistic terms of relationships are used by the Baganda.12, The Baganda have a very important aspect of the social or family structure; the consanguinal kin group or blood line which is a line of descent traced through the male members of the family or patri-sib. Second Edition, London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1974. - People write wills to share or decide who should inherit their property. 2. The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. - They are given financial assistance. Bantu Migrations Stateless Societies Bantu Societies did not depend on elaborate hierarchy of officials of a bureaucracy Governed through Kinship groups - extended families consisting of about 100 people. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. iv. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. These Anglo-Saxon or Eurocentric descriptions do not help in the fair and accurate perception of the traditional African family. 3. The language of the Baganda carries no word for love or tender affection; the closest is a word that is best translated as like.43. 7) Many of the traditional medicine men are not willing to divulge information to others (a lot of secrecy surrounding traditional medicine) 8) Those who are educated also do not believe in the powers of diviners and mediums. It does not give warning. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. Importance of marriage - Marriage is for the continuity of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God. If there is agreement, this marks the beginning of courtship period. It is also a way of showing respect to God for the gift of the children. Elders act as role models to the youth i.e. - The practices vary from one community to another. There are serious cases of misuse of leisure in the form of; - Watching and reading pornographic literature. The celebration that marked the end of initiation is slowly dying out due to economic constraints. 2. - Courage. There were clear guidelines, rules and regulations on the use and ownership of land. c) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties among Africa communities. - Taking of dangerous drugs. This difficulty in generalization bone of diversity was already apparent to many early scholars of the African traditional family like Mair(1) and Goode(2). - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. Download Now. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. Family. 3. Death must have a cause. society. 5. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. 7. They act as judges in certain circumstances. - Generosity. - Purification rites are performed for the mother and the child to make the child pure. Many communities made clothes from animal skins, bark of trees, sisal and leaves. To protect the child from evil eyes. Some of the traditional forms of leisure include. Edited by G.A. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. 4. Importance of Initiation i. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. They feel a strong bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship relationships to one another. The government has also set up insurance and pension schemes to enable people who are employed continue to get a decent life after retirement e.g. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. the introduction of money economy. 5. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. 2. v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. politicians. TOPIC 9:AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES MEANING AND WHOLENESS OF LIFE- In the African traditional society, life is believed to originate from God. The Plan of Action also asserts that "for the full and harmonious development of their personality, children should grow up in a famil environmenty in a,n atmosphere of happiness lov, ane d understanding". - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. Similar customs or rules of restrictions in interaction apply between many other kin in a traditional African family. - Patriotism. vi. - A child who remained an orphan was easily adopted into another family. The land belonged to the whole community. The male head has control over children produced by the children of the group. Circumcision is carried out at times in hospitals for health reasons. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. Large tracts of land 4 Large herds of cattle. Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. They are those who do not believe in traditional medicine. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. - Presents are given to the baby and mother as a sign of good will. The beginning of courtship period a more supreme influence such authors as Chondoka have recently little... Include the following day, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been commercialized - people... Younger generation on their roles and duties vary from one community to another by! 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, some Aspects of the Eurocentrically biased include... 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factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society