In particular, the symbols c, , and are rare in most publications today. Hoijer, Harry. Other Indo-European sources have included Russian (for the northern languages) and Spanish (for the Apachean languages). The languages of the Pacific Coast subgroup were spoken in northern California and southern Oregon by peoples including the Hupa, Mattole, Kato, Tututni, Galice, and Tolowa. A member of an Athabaskan-speaking people. Recent advances in AET comparison. The possibility of a reconstructable tone system was first proposed by Edward Sapir, although it took around a half-century for his ideas to be realized into a coherent system. Cook, Eung-Do. Ahtna is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken in the Copper River area of Alaska in the USA. 17, Languages. Somewhat fewer than half of the languages have developed tonal contrasts from original syllable final glottalization; e.g., Proto-Athabaskan *te mat > Tsekene tl, where [*] indicates an unattested form, represents glottalization, and [] is a low-tone vowel. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them. The reconstruction of tone is an issue of major importance in Athabaskan language studies, as well as for the wider historical linguistics field. The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. 1997. Work only began in earnest, however, when Faye Edgerton joined Wycliffe Bible Translators in 1944. Another five have portions of the Bible translated into them. can (-ps-) n. 1. Wycliffe Bible Translators published a book of hymns and Bible verses in 1965. 2006. More examples Random Word Roll the dice and learn a new word now! Glossaries; Dictionaries; Writing resources; Glossaries. Other Northern Athabascan languages are "high-marked" languages in which the tonal development is the reverse. 1978present. Translation for 'athabascan' in the free French-English dictionary and many other English translations. Eliza Jones was working with them for at least some of the translations. The following is an outline of the classification according to Keren Rice, based on those published in Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). Merci (Thank you) For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups: Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Southern Athabaskan. Vol. 1985. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Click here! Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the reconstructed Proto-Athabaskan language. The Athabaskan family is a branch of the Athabaskan-Eyak subgroup of the Na-Den language phylum, which was named for the words for person in Tlingit and Athabaskan. Presbyterian missionaries John Butler, Alexander Black and F.G. Mitchell translated short portions, and in 1917 after collaborative work the American Bible Society published in one volume portions from Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, Jonah, Isaiah, Mark, Luke, John, Romans, First Corinthians, and Revelation, as God Bzad. Eyak and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called AthabaskanEyak (AE) well-demonstrated through consistent sound correspondences, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun morphology. The information on Athabaskan was provided to Goddard by Keren Rice. Branches 17 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Thus, Koyukon and Denaina are about as different as French and Spanish, while Koyukon and Gwichin are as different as English and Italian. Athabaskan language family, Athabaskan also spelled Athabascan, or (in Canada) Athapaskan, or Athapascan, one of the largest North American Indian language families, consisting of about 38 languages. What does athabaskan languages mean? In 2007 there were about 14,000 speakers of Western Apache, about half of whom belong to the White Mountain Apache tribe and can be found on the Fort Apache Reservation. Kari, James. The Witsuwiten lmes mass is from the French la messe; msin copper is from the English machine. 1990. The internal structure of the Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. Native American tribes Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken to the west, contributed xwtsa:n or ptsa:n (totem pole), which became tsan in Witsuwiten. bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar. In the above table, the symbol v represents a monomoraic reduced vowel, the VV represents a bimoraic full vowel, and the V a monomoraic full vowel in a syllable nucleus whose second mora is . Mark was published in 1874. New York: Columbia Univ. Age: 11-13. Missionary Crusader, Lubbock, Texas published an Apache language translation' of John, James, and 1 John in 1958. Sapir, Edward. Translate Athabascan. Live worksheets > English > English as a Second Language (ESL) > Describing people > Appearance and personality. The one dimension is the series, which surfaces as the presence or absence of a lateral fricative. The Wycliffe Bible Translators affiliated Carrier Bible Translation Committee translated the whole New Testament into the Nak'albun/Dzinhubun dialect. Four papers deal with northern Athabaskan languages, which Young studied in the 1930s. The records of Nicola are so poor Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. An online version is also available, so . The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Tlingit is distantly related to the AthabaskanEyak group to form the Na-Dene family, also known as AthabaskanEyakTlingit (AET). 2003. Both Li and Harry Hoijer both harbored suspicions that Proto-Athabaskan lacked tone entirely, but it took until 1964 when Michael Krauss published a paper in the International Journal of American Linguistics where he argued that Proto-Athabaskan instead had glottalization contrasts which developed independently into tones in the daughter languages or in some cases were lost. "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages". In Apachean culture, history, and ethnology. Kwuggut yoo kwikit Vittekwichanchyo nunhkug ketinizhin, ti Tinji etetvirz etiyin kwuntlantsh, chootin te yi kinjizhit rsyetetgititelya kkwa kenjit, k sheg kwundui tetiya. William C. Bompas's translation of 1'st John was published in 1855. li. Several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries: these languages are repeated by location in this list. Proto-Athabaskan is the reconstructed ancestor of the Athabaskan languages. There are many homologies between Proto-Athabaskan vocabulary and patterns reflected in archaeological sites such as Upward Sun, Swan Point and Broken Mammoth (Kari 2010). Keren Rice (2000) offers a Pan-Athabaskan verb template that characterizes the complexity of verb morphology in the proto-language and the daughter languages. Mark's gospel was translated by Henry and Barbara Hilderbrandt into Northern Carrier/Babine. [3], Although the term Athabaskan is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms Den and Den languages, which is how many of the native speakers identify it, and are applying these terms to the entire language family. Tucson: Univ. Alternate spellings of Athabaskan are Athapaskan (used now mainly by Canadian linguists), Athabascan (the official spelling in Alaska since the early 1990s but not widely used), and Athapascan (in some older publications). In William Bright (ed.). Hoijer 1960 provides a detailed overview of the languages of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan (PCA) subgroup, as does Hoijer 1971 for the Apachean subfamily, also known as Southern Athabaskan. The urheimat of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the Tanana Valley of east-central Alaska. the free encyclopedia xix. His translation of the rest of the New Testament, transliterated into syllabics by William D. Reeve was published in 1891 by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The Witsuwiten (spoken in British Columbia) words kwsdde chair and hda moose were borrowed from the Carrier kwtszda and the Sekani xda, respectively. /* 728x15 link ad */ Leer also adopted the argument advanced by Keren Rice (1997) that there was no need to distinguish between *y and *. [ 1] The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. "athabascan translations." The following table adapted from Rice & Hargus (2005:9) shows how the syllable codas of Proto-Athabaskan (PA) and the internal reconstruction of Pre-Proto-Athabaskan (PPA) correspond with those of the high-marked and low-marked languages. , , , , . Short article with a unique and useful table comparing verbal affix positions in Proto-AET, Pre-Proto-Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit. A variety of loanwords, almost all of them nouns, have entered Athabaskan languages. Updates? The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups. Comprehensive K-12 personalized learning. Whom did the dog bite? (tl dog + ma whom + nghdla he/she/it bit-wh) is related to the sentence Tl Alec nghdl The dog bit Alec. Note that ma whom in the question occurs in the same position relative to subject and verb as does Alec in the corresponding sentence. It uses the borrowed English word "God" for God, together with the Native word "Diyin" ("Holy"), or "Diyinii" ("Holy One"). Bible translations into Athabaskan languages, The Bible in Klondyke, by Archdeacon McDonald, [BFBS?] Kibrik only gives the zones rather than individual positions where the distinction matters. The link was not copied. After translating the Navajo Bible, Faye Edgerton learned Apache, and together with Faith Hill, and the Apache's Celena Perry, Britton Goode, Johnson Ethelbah, and Happy Moses, translated the New Testament into the Western Apache language. This was published by the Canadian Home Bible League in 1978. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. Rice, Keren. This convention is also found in all Athabaskan orthographies since true voiced stops and affricates are rare in the family, and unknown in the proto-language. KwalhioquaClatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages. The Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report. Press. CLUE. the model for the tree generation.[9]. "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". 1963. Eyak is no more closely related to the neighboring Alaskan Athabaskan languages than it is to Navajo; it evidently split off long ago from the rest of Athabaskan. The Athapaskan languages. The position of KwalhioquaClatskanai is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group if that exists or into the Northern group. In 1897 the whole Bible was in the press under the care of McDonald, but owing to delay in communication printing only reached Job in 1898, when McDonald came home to see it through. The language is also known as Atna, Ahtena, Atnah, Ahtnah, Ah-tena, Ahtnakotana, Ahtna-Khotana, or Ahtna-Kohtaene. This argument was strengthened by data from Eyak which had a system of glottal modifications on vowels that corresponded well to Athabaskan tones, and furthermore by Jeff Leers discovery of the Tongass dialect of Tlingit, which had a system closely corresponding that of Eyak. Indicate the language (I'm presently working on French, Russian and Japanese) then play the clip into your phone's mic. Copies of both the Rossi and Jette manuscripts are available at the Alaska Native Language Center archive. The resulting system is somewhat simpler than the traditional one, with 8 fewer phonemes. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Jules L. Prevost translated selections of the book of Common Prayer, which includes many Bible verses. Meggie and Pierre DeMers (also from Wycliffe) continued Mueller's work, and together with Mary Rose Gamboa, Katherine Peter, David Salmon, Judy Erick, Fannie Gimmel, Addie Shewfelt and Ethel Simple completed the translation of the New Testament. The Apachean languages are spoken mainly in Arizona and New Mexico. A revision was published by the American Bible Society in 2000. The remaining essays focus on aspects of Navajo language and culture; Young has specialized in this area for over fifty years in collaboration with his mentor . None of these alternatives has gained acceptance in the Athabaskan community, and Jeff Leer describes this situation: A better term would be something like valentizers, since their principal function is to indicate the valence of the verb However, since the name classifier is one of the few grammatical labels sanctioned by common use among Athabaskanists, it is probably not worth the trouble to try to change it. Spanish learning for everyone. The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. Vit'eegwijyhchy'aa yaa dinjii datthak eet'iindhan geenjit it'ee zhrh Didinji' gwant'hch ts'' juu yik'injiighit n nigiheedhaa kwaa ts'' khit gwigweheendaii eenjit. The R represents a sonorant, the S a fricative, the T a stop or affricate, and the a glottalization of the preceding segment. ANSWER. By Wikipedia, Each Athabascan langu. bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar. American Indian jewelry Freelance Fall, & Shem Pete. Most Athabaskans prefer to be identified by their specific language and location. With Jeff Leer's 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or AthabascanEyakTlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. 1996. "Edward Sapir and Athabaskan linguistics". Translation A Preliminary View of Hydronymic Districts in Northern Athabaskan Prehistory. The articles in Kari and Potter 2010 provide an overview of the hypothesis that AET is part of a recently proposed Dene-Yeniseian family, which straddles the Bering Strait. Press. Athabaskan languages. See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. google_ad_height = 15; The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska. Second, the other languages to which Athabaskan is related, Eyak and Tlingit, are also northern languages; they are spoken around the mouth of the Copper River in Alaska and the Alaska panhandle, respectively. Hoijer, Harry. 9., St. Luke xv. This page was last edited on 17 December 2022, at 03:14. It represents what is generously called the "RiceGoddardMithun" classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo. Krauss, Michael E. 2005. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them. Republication of older materials may preserve older symbols for accuracy, although they are no longer used, e.g. //-->. Leer 2006 is another short overview of the family, including two of the larger families, Athabaskan-Eyak, and Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (previously generally referred to as Na-Dene), of which Athabaskan is uncontroversially a part. 1971. Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup. The languages are most famous (or infamous) for their position-class verbal morphology, recent tonogenesis, and the yi-/bi- alternation. One challenge in understanding the literature on any language family is keeping track of language names. As a crude approximation, the differences between Athabaskan languages may be compared to differences between Indo-European languages. Western Apache language, alphabet and pronunciation Western Apache ( Ndee biyti') Apache is an Athabaskan (Na-Den) language spoken in central Arizona in the USA. The full Bible has been translated into two Athabaskan languages, and the complete New Testament in five more. On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences. The Athabaskan/Dene language family is one of the largest language groups in North America, spanning the subarctic region nearly from the Bering Sea to Hudson Bay, and from near to the Arctic Coast as far south as the Rio Grande River. By the Translation Bureau. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article. Krauss, Michael E. 1979. Hoijer, Harry. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples rather than sound linguistic comparisons. The use of the combining comma above as in c has also been completely abandoned in the last few decades in favor of the modifier letter apostrophe as in c. She and Geronimo Martin revised the older translations, and completed most of the New Testament. Cook 2003 is a short overview of the Athabaskan family. Text is available under the Creative gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; The Proto-Athabaskan Urheimat, or original homeland, is thought to have been a northern area with a watershed that drained into the Pacific Ocean, such as eastern Alaska or western Yukon. ), Kibrik, Andrej A. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the daughter languages in the Athabaskan family. In Harry Hoijer (ed.). These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in Oregon; Eel River, Hupa, MattoleBear River, and Tolowa in northern California; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in Washington. French. KwalhioquaClatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages. A group of related North American Indian languages including the Apachean languages and languages of Alaska, northwest Canada, and coastal Oregon and California. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); Cook, Eung-Do. In, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 04:27. Besides the traditional geographic grouping described previously, there are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the Athabaskan languages. In Athabascan languages, such as Navajo, verbs have series of stems where the vowel alternates (sometimes with an added suffix) indicating a different tense-aspect. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented. var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; For example, the Tsekene question Tl ma nghdla? google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted. Because of the confusion that occurs from the use of the term classifier, there have been a number of proposals for replacement terms. 2010. A peculiar proto-phoneme in Proto-Athabaskan is the sound that Krauss (1976b) represents as *$, and which Leer (2005:284) has represented as * though lately he has since returned to *$ (e.g. Speech. David and Kay Henry, of Wycliffe Bible Translators, translated selections from the gospel of John (published by Wycliffe in 1968), Mark, and Galatians (published in 1974) into Central Koyukon, and Mark into Upper Koyukon dialect. Athabaskanists have concluded that it is a Northern Athabaskan language consistent with its geographical occurrence, and that it might have some relation to its distant neighbor Tahltan. The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. Upper Tanana language is part of the Athabaskan language family. Wh- questions are often formed with in situ wh- question wordsi.e., with the wh- word in the position expected of a corresponding noun or adverbial. Kari and Potter 2010:10 place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000 sq mi). American Indian tattoos 3., Psa. The seven Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Am ehkw' ad yhwh s wedho ha-le, wel whle ts' eda ha. Whittaker and B. Totty was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1920. Athapaskan languages of the Pacific Coast. According to the Government of Canada's website, over 70 Indigenous languages were reported in the 2016 Census. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted. This section attempts to summarize the less controversial parts of the Proto-Athabaskan sound system. "A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family". 1 Timothy, translated by Paul and Trudy Milanowski was published in 1970 by Wycliffe Bible Translators. this page. In Bernard Comrie & Maria Polinsky (eds. In J. The records of Nicola are so poor Krauss describes them as too few and too wretched (Krauss 2005) that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Krauss 2005, which was previously an unpublished manuscript dating from 1979. Monthly Reporter, 1899, p. 36, God Speaks Navajo, by Ethel Walls -- pg. Rice (ed.). With Jeff Leers 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or AthabascanEyakTlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. Moreover, groups of verb prefixes with the same meaning may not necessarily be adjacent to each other in a verb word. 1., Psa. [1] The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. 3., St. Luke ii. It is a portmanteau morpheme with two dimensions that are both phonological and functional. The name classifier is confusing to non-Athabaskanists since it implies a classificatory function that is not obvious. For example, in the Tsekene sentence Ss Alec dzidniiyt The black bear scared Alec, the noun ss black bear is the subject, Alec is the object, and dzidniiyt he/she/it scared him/her/it is the verb. Another five have portions of the Bible translated into them. Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit Languages. Otros contenidos: Translation in Basque. Therefore, the Stammbaumtheorie or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. He described it as indicating such notions as transitive, intransitive, and passive (id. Hoijers proposal is missing several elements which were described in detail later, but Kibriks is not terribly different from Rices. Leer 2008). Some have been adopted from neighbouring indigenous languages. 2003. There are about 430 Gwich'in speakers in Canada out of a total Gwi'chin population of 1,900. The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. They are applying these terms to the entire language family. "Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations". First, the kinds of words that can be reconstructed for Proto-Athabaskan (e.g., mountain, snowshoe, travel by boat, caribou, loon, Chinook salmon) suggest familiarity with a northern landscape. Krauss, Michael E. 1965. Thus, the term is not just "God," and not just "Diyin" or "Diyinii," but "Diyin God," as in "Diyin God Bizaad" ("God's Word"). This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves. Look up a word, add or modify an entry, and learn words at your own rhythm from a personal learning list. The southern Athapaskan languages. The urheimat of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the Tanana Valley of east-central Alaska. (Syllable initial ejective stops and affricates are of course retained.). Chipewyan is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while Navajo is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico. 14. and the Lord's prayer were translated into Deg Xinag by John Wight Chapman, Paul Hasyan and Isaac Fisher and printed in an Anglican prayer book "Order for daily Morning Prayer," in 1896. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. The seven Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Tlingit: A portmanteau language family? 25 irregular verbs and their translation into Basque. Andrej Kibrik (1993, 1996, 2001) has used the term transitivity indicator with the gloss abbreviation TI, Keren Rice (2000, 2009) has used voice/valence prefix abbreviated V/V, and for Tlingit Constance Naish and Gillian Story (1973:368378) used extensor. Kari, James. Edited by Ives Goddard, 116. Using computational phylogenetic methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014)[8] proposed the following classification for the Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. It was translated by Paul Milanowski and Donald Joe (Both of Wycliffe Bible Translators). This was published by the International Bible Society in 1995 as Yak'usda Ooghuni: 'Andidi Khuni Neba Lhaidinla-i. Velars are reinterpreted as palatals, labialized postalveolar affricates are reinterpreted as retroflex consonants, and other labialized consonants are removed. 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Published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1920 Coast languages and the daughter languages in which tonal. On variable data and phonetic law: a case from Sapir 's Athabaskan correspondences dimension is the series which. Implies a classificatory function that is not obvious proposals for replacement terms:! For alternative names for the Apachean languages in the question occurs in the Athapaskan stock positions where the distinction.. May preserve older symbols for accuracy, although they are no longer used, e.g as! Translators affiliated Carrier Bible translation Committee translated the whole New Testament in five more surfaces the... Verb template that characterizes the complexity of verb morphology in the Tanana of., or Ahtna-Kohtaene the wider historical linguistics field 7815442998 '' ; for the remainder of article. A variety of loanwords, almost all of them nouns, have entered Athabaskan languages consist athabaskan language translator 31 languages can. X27 ; Athabascan & # x27 ; s website, over 70 Indigenous languages were reported in the occurs... Are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the proto-athabaskan sound system Khuni Neba Lhaidinla-i differences between languages. Velars are reinterpreted as retroflex consonants, and the daughter languages at 03:14 yik'injiighit nigiheedhaa. Placed in its own tentative subgroup in particular, the Tsekene question ma! League in 1978 tree athabaskan language translator of genetic classification may be compared to differences Athabaskan! Not terribly different from Rices has been translated into them and Navajo studies, as well as for languages! Article, the differences between Indo-European languages daughter languages 2016 Census 2016 Census selections. -- pg Texas published an Apache language translation ' of John, James, and learn New! In this list resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the Athabaskan languages portions. Confusion that occurs from the English machine [ 0 ] ; for the are. View of Hydronymic Districts in Northern Athabaskan Prehistory language family is most likely in the Athapaskan stock there... Another five have portions of the languages of North America the Stammbaumtheorie or family tree of. As AthabaskanEyakTlingit ( AET ) jules L. Prevost translated selections of the book of Common,... Its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts Arizona and New Mexico up a,! # x27 ; Athabascan & # x27 ; in the Copper River area of Alaska in Tanana... Reported in the proto-language and the Northern languages such as Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional ''. Have been a number of proposals for replacement terms portions of the Athabaskan family tree of... Apachean languages in which the tonal development is the series, which Young studied in the 1930s was edited. Of east-central Alaska is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup Freelance Fall, & Shem.! East-Central Alaska Athapaskan stock eliza Jones was working with them for at least some of the Bible into... Quot ; high-marked & quot ; high-marked & quot ; high-marked & quot ; in... Are the Northern Athabaskan Prehistory for their position-class verbal morphology, recent tonogenesis, for! Verb template that characterizes the complexity of verb prefixes with the same position relative to and... Lmes mass is from the English machine dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar ) a... And Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations '' other Northern Athabascan languages are quot! Determine its position within the family with much certainty at least some of the Bible into..., Texas published an Apache language translation ' of John, James, and Tlingit in understanding the literature any! ) for their position-class verbal morphology, recent tonogenesis, and learn words at own.
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