state the factors that influence climate in liberia

How is a cold environment interdependent? Liberian law allows for the transfer of dividends and net profits after tax to investors home countries. The court hears commercial disputes including debt disputes of USD 15,000 and above. In 2018, a number of large foreign investors were subject to a high level of public criticism and review by the Legislature. Continental Effect 5. Neither is Liberia listed in the notorious market report (see 2016 listings at: https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2016-Out-of-Cycle-Review-Notorious-Markets.pdf). Liberia is a member of the ICSID Convention and a signatory to the MIGA Convention that guarantees the protection of foreign investments. . d. Although not addressed in the CBLs report, commercial banks and businesses reported considerable difficulty in accessing Liberian dollars during the second quarter in 2018, including those saved by private individuals at commercial banks and by commercial banks at the CBL. Climate affects population distribution both directly as well as indirectly through its effects on soil, vegetation and agriculture that have direct bearings on the pattern of population distribution. Multinational firms often report having to pay fees to agencies that were not stipulated in investment agreements. The Revenue Code and the Investment Act provide different forms of investment incentives to foreign investors. [4], The Liberian Environmental Protection Agency launched a national response plan in 2018. The exceptions include clauses in the Investment Act that impose statutory limits on foreign ownership of, or entry into, 16 business activities/enterprises, and set minimum foreign capital investment thresholds in 12 others. Is Clostridium difficile Gram-positive or negative? In 2017, U.S. direct investment in Liberia was USD 874 million and Liberias direct investment in the United States stood at USD 448 million, https://apps.bea.gov/international/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?Area=420, http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview, https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator, http://www.bea.gov/international/factsheet/, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Low pay for civil servants, minimal job training, and little judicial accountability exacerbated official corruption and contributed to a culture of impunity. In February 2019, the government signed into law an important press freedom act (Kamara Abdullah Kamara Act of Press Freedom) to strengthen its commitment to several legal instruments it previously signed, such as the Freedom of Information Act, and the Table Mountain Declaration. It frequently does not follow transparent policies to foster competition on a non-discriminatory basis, or establish clear rules of the game. Generally, legal and regulatory procedures in Liberia fall below international norms in terms of transparency, application, and consistency. In 2018, Transparency International ranked Liberia 120 out of 180 countries in its corruption perception index, with a score of 32/100 (https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 ). There are seven factors that affect weather including temperature, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, visibility, pressure, and winds. , Ocean currents. The CBL continues to promote an interbank market, money market, secondary market, and investors education as well as public awareness. The communities generally expect investors to negotiate separately with community leaders for the provision of additional social services and use of land. (http://rulemaking.worldbank.org/ ) provides data for 185 economies on whether governments publish or consult with public about proposed regulations). There are no restrictions or limitations placed on foreign investors in converting, transferring, or repatriating funds associated with an investment (e.g., remittances of investment capital, earnings, loans, lease payments, and royalties). How does latitude and longitude affect weather and climate? What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? Liberia's economy has stagnated over the past three years with negligible average annual growth rate over the period 2014-2016. U.S. firms and other foreign investors have identified corruption as an obstacle to new investment. A commodities-based economy, Liberia still relies on imports for more than half of its cereal needs, including rice, Liberias most important staple food. The National Investment Commission (NIC) does not have a systematic, active mechanism or program to promote or incentivize outward investment. The labor law provides that labor organizations, including trade or employees associations, have the right to draw up constitutions and rules with regard to electing representatives, organizing activities, and formulating programs. Also . Some officials engage in corrupt practices with impunity. Coastal zones, home to the majority of the population, infrastructure and economic activity, are at risk from flooding and erosion associated with sea level rise, which will lead to salinization of coastal agricultural fields. In Liberia, both foreign and locally-registered companies are required to adhere to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) consistent with international norms. Factors such as the Earth's distance from the sun and the angle at which the sun's rays hit the Earth's surface can affect how much radiation is received. As multinational investors develop concession areas, some foreign businesses buy risk insurance to mitigate against the possibility of operational disruption caused by land expropriation. Sales and promotional materials should be in English, the official and most common language in Liberia. There are numerous intermediate financial services providers across the country, such as licensed foreign exchange bureaus, microfinance institutions, credit unions, rural community finance institutions, and village savings and loan associations. 3. It assists importers in processing import documents in compliance with AGOA procedures and Liberian customs regulations. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. According to the Liberia Institute for Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) 2016 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES 2016), Liberia has a low unemployment rate (3.9 percent) in the formal sector. One of the first things the IPCC concluded is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. These climate change impacts present challenges to the country's socio-economic development. If a subsidiary is engaged in manufacturing and international trade, then it must obtain a trade license from the LBR, a process that can take an average of three days. Warm conditions promote the chemical and biological reactions that develop parent material into soil. The MOL does not have an adequate or effective inspection system to identify and remedy labor violations and hold violators accountable. Some research (Smart et al. Liberia is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? All courts are sanctioned to apply both statutory and customary laws; there is a system of customary law recognized in the court system by the Judiciary Law of 1972. Temperatures decrease with height as the air is less dense and cannot hold heat as well. The Minister of Finance and Development Planning can grant additional incentives based on the capital invested, economic zones, or geographic areas as well as the employment creation potential that could promote economic growth. The act protects communities in many ways including formally recognizing that rural communities own their land under customary law; it gives them legal standing to consent to awarding new contracts, empowering them to make decisions about how their land should be used. Weahs inauguration marked the first peaceful transfer of power from one democratically-elected president to another since 1944. Eight of the commercial banks are foreign banks. When company ownership changes, workers sometimes seek payment of obligations owed by previous owners or employers. What are shanty town improvement schemes? km is land. Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The Commercial Code is the specific domestic legislation which provides for enforcement of awards under the 1958 New York Convention and/or under the ICSID Convention. Liberian authorities do not clearly define RBC, and do not have policies or a national action plan to promote or encourage it. Here are a few natural factors affecting climate change. The following factors influence the India's climate: Latitude. There has not been any major security incident to cause damage to projects/or installations since the Liberia National Police (LNP) and the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) assumed state security responsibility in 2018. The USD can be freely exchanged for LRD in commercial banks, licensed foreign exchange bureaus, petrol stations, and large supermarkets. They analyze a variety of economies that are or could be markets for U.S. businesses. The elements affecting the climate are latitude, altitude and pressure and winds, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents and relief features. Location The absolute location of Liberia is latitudes 4o20' and 8o30' north of the equator and longitudes 7o18' and 11o20' west of the prime meridian.Liberia covers an area of 111,370 sq. Reducing exposure and vulnerability to climate disasters, cutting back greenhouse gas emissions, and conserving biodiversity are all important aspects of building resiliency, and aid in the protection of sectors such as agriculture, health, energy, and water. More detailed information is available on the World Banks Investing Across Borders website: http://iab.worldbank.org/Data/ExploreEconomies/liberia#starting-a-foreign-business . See, https://www.ilo.org/ilostatcp/CPDesktop/?list=true&lang=en&country=LBR. Currently, there are no high-risk sectors in the economy that are prone to expropriation actions and there is no indirect expropriation, such as confiscatory tax regimes or regulatory actions, that could deprive investors of substantial economic benefits from their investments. External forcings. However, slopes facing north in the southern hemisphere are warmest. How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? Clouds: Clouds can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface and can trap heat in the atmosphere. The overall diversity of the environment can be involved in greater competition for resources. In March 2018, Liberia signed on to the African Continental Free Trade Area and associated Protocol on the Free Movement of People (http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryOtherIias/118#iiaInnerMenu ). These are summarised below. Foreign companies must use local counsel when establishing a subsidiary and must provide notarized documents of the parent company. The government does not have a practice of issuing guarantees or jointly financing foreign direct investment projects. Changes in the natural system since 1970 have been occuring where temperature increase has taken place. Ocean currents (the movement of water at different temperatures throughthe oceans). Some commercial banks lowered their Liberian dollar deposits at the CBL by keeping more cash on hand to service customers. Anak Krakatau & Sunda Strait Tsunami Indonesia Case Study 2018. Office of the U.S. I. Factors that affect the climate of a place: The factors affecting the climate of a place are referred to as controls and are latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features. It does not provide an online registration platform and its website does not currently function. Globally, egovernment implementation is growing, including in subSaharan Africa, evidenced by the frequently reported benefits of egovernment programs in developed countries. In this lesson, students focus on the factors affecting weather and climate. As currents reach the poles, the water cools and sinks. Latitude 2. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. Depending on the amount to remit and the bank(s), the wait-period to remit investment revenues ranges from a few hours to three business days. The government has identified land disputes, and high rates of youth and urban unemployment as potential threats to security, peace, and political stability. U.S. Commercial Service Contact Information Private property rights, however, shall not extend to any mineral resources on or beneath any land or to any lands under the seas and waterways of the Republic. Acquisition of land by foreign and/or non-resident investors is only possible through rent or leasehold. There are no explicit laws that provide protection to NGOs that investigate corruption. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, and other climatic factors are known to affect the reproduction, development, behavior, and population dynamics of the arthropod vectors of these diseases. The laws specify that no industrial labor union or organization shall exercise any privilege or function for agricultural workers. The two most important factors in the climate of an area are temperature and precipitation. In 2018, the legislature discussed but did not pass a draft Business and Economic Empowerment Act, which aimed to expand these requirements to additional sectors of the economy, increase the minimum capital threshold to USD 2 million, and require that Liberians hold at least 30 percent of senior management positions. -Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources (e.g., heartland, rimland, and organic theories). Almost . Climate change has adverse effects on developing countries like Liberia, where populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily adapt and that climate change will affect the potential for development in Liberia. Liberia joined the UNFCCC in 2002 and is one of the first recipients of the Green Climate Fund and a signatory to the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement. It lacks the capacity to effectively investigate and prosecute unfair labor practices, such as harassment and/or dismissal of union members or instances of forced and/or child labor. The Act further stipulates that, for enterprises owned exclusively by non-Liberians, the total capital invested shall not be less than USD 500,000; and for enterprises owned in partnership with Liberians, the aggregate shareholding of the Liberian partners must be at least 25 percent, and the total capital invested shall not be less than USD 300,000. The six factors that affect influence the temperature are: 1 elevation altitude , 2 latitude, 3 proximity of large bodies of water, 4 ocean currents, 5 proximity of mountain ranges topography , 6 prevailing and seasonal winds. What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? A list of all countries with which the U.S. has bilateral income tax treaties is available at: http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/International-Businesses/United-States-Income-Tax-TreatiesA-to-Z, Although Liberia has a Competition Law, Foreign Trade Law, Intellectual Property Act, Public Procurement and Concessions Act, Insolvency and Restructuring Act (, ), and Commercial Code, the government does not always effectively implement these laws. Between 1980 and 2003, various ethnic factions battled for political influence as well as power over mineral, natural and commercial strategic resources such as the infamous 'blood diamond'. Although Liberia has a Competition Law, Foreign Trade Law, Intellectual Property Act, Public Procurement and Concessions Act, Insolvency and Restructuring Act (Chapter 8 of Commercial Code), and Commercial Code, the government does not always effectively implement these laws. biota. Liberias domestic market is too small to support high volume (cost-effective) production for many manufactured products. A list of all countries with which the U.S. has bilateral income tax treaties is available at: http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/International-Businesses/United-States-Income-Tax-TreatiesA-to-Z. [1] Because of its location in Africa, it is vulnerable to extreme weather, the coastal effects of sea level rise, and changing water systems and water availability. How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? Some private sector groups, such as the Liberia Chamber of Commerce (LCC), regularly meet with investors and government officials to discuss and suggest solutions to critical policy issues. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? Climate change is expected to have many impacts on agriculture, forests, and other ecosystems in the Midwest. This practice allows the government to sign overlapping concession agreements for different resources. [2] Moreover, sea level rise is expected to cause increase salinization in important coastal communities. Latitude Temperature range increases with distance from the equator. The governments intention is to support development activities in communities adjacent to concessions; however, communities complain that these funds do not reach them. Land ownership in Liberia is restricted to Liberian citizens. Long-term investors have found this unfavorable to the terms of their investment or residency. As multinational investors develop concession areas, some foreign businesses buy risk insurance to mitigate against the possibility of operational disruption caused by land expropriation. In Liberia, both foreign and locally-registered companies are required to adhere to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) consistent with international norms. Importers generally target their goods to the needs of demographics with higher levels of disposable income, including large business entities, government officials, NGO workers, diplomats, civil servants, and the expatriate community. Websites for these agencies are found at: https://lra.gov.lr/ and http://www.nasscorp.org.lr/ . Eligible American businesses, investors, lenders, contractors and exporters can seek OPIC support to take advantage of commercially attractive opportunities in the country. Transfers of currency are protected by Article VII of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Articles of Agreement (, http://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/AA/index.htm#art7. There are no systemic oversight or enforcement mechanisms to ensure that government authorities follow administrative processes. Long-term investors have found this unfavorable to the terms of their investment or residency. Transfers of currency are protected by Article VII of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Articles of Agreement (http://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/AA/index.htm#art7 ). The manufacturing sector is weak, due to high production costs driven by limited financing opportunities for the private sector and poor infrastructure, including limited access to electricity. IMF Coordinated Portfolio Investment Series data are not available for Liberia. Aquaculture is an important component of the human diet, providing high-quality aquatic food for global or local consumption. Understanding these factors and how they interact with each other is important for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Liberia is one of the few countries surveyed by the World Banks Investing Across Borders that does not make its commercial laws and regulations publicly available online. The act stipulates the Ministry [of Labor] shall not issue a permit to work in Liberia unless it is satisfied that: i) there is no suitably qualified Liberian available to carry out the work required by the employer; and ii) the applicant satisfies the requirements for foreign residence in Liberia. However, the Investment Act eliminates an earlier mandate that foreign companies must employ qualified Liberians at all levels. Liberian immigration law (An Act Adopting New Aliens and Nationality Law) requires all non-Liberian citizens entering the country to hold an entry visa, except for ECOWAS citizens who require valid passports or laissez-passers. Low pay for civil servants, minimal job training, and little judicial accountability exacerbated official corruption and contributed to a culture of impunity. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. Liberia has three independent branches of government. While global warming from a strengthening of the greenhouse effect effect didn't start making mainstream news until the late 1980s and . Latitude (angle of sun's rays and effect on day length). Neither the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) nor the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has conducted an investment policy review for Liberia in the past three years. Although the government has anti-graft institutions and laws, corruption remains endemic in the Liberian social fabric. See list of members of the ICSID convention at: https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/about/Database-of-Member-States.aspx . Key issues to watch for include opaque procedures for obtaining clear title to property, lack of adequate legal protection for contracts, a rise in single-source contracts in violation of procurement laws, limited awareness of intellectual property rights (IPR), corruption, poor physical infrastructure, and a weak and overburdened judicial system. These climate change impacts present challenges to the country's socio-economic development. In April 2019, the President of Liberia issued Executive Order #96 to stimulate economic growth and included a provision that extends residence and work permits from one year to up to five years. The investment incentives specified for these sectors include tax deductions for equipment, machinery, cost of buildings and fixtures used in manufacturing, as well as import duties, and goods and services tax exemptions. Leases ordinarily run for 25-50 years, but exceptions are permitted under the law. Certain ocean currents have different temperatures. The U.S. Embassy is aware of unresolved concessions-related land disputes. However, there is no legal obligation for ministries or regulatory agencies to publish the text or summary of proposed regulations before their enactment. The climate of any particular place is influenced by a host of interacting factors. Tax incentives are subject to legislative approval as stated in the Revenue Code: for investments exceeding USD 10 million and subject to approval by the President and the Legislature, the tax incentives permitted by this section may be allowed for a period of up to fifteen (15) years; no tax incentive under this subsection shall be valid or enforceable without legislative approval. The law also allows exemptions from import duty of up to 100 percent of their dutiable value for capital assets and other goods to be used in the project. In April 2019, the President of Liberia issued Executive Order #96 to stimulate economic growth and included a provision that extends residence and work permits from one year to up to five years. Generally, the government expects foreign investors to offer social services to local communities in which they operate and contribute to the county social development fund. See the NIC website for more information on special investment incentives: http://investliberia.gov.lr/new/ . Find other country and regional climate risk management resources here. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? : the underlying country fact sheets provide information on competition from state-owned enterprises in the oil, gas and mining sectors for over 50 countries. Altitude (height above sea-level). While the Liberian constitution restricts land ownership to citizens, land acquisition by non-Liberians is possible through leasehold. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. The 2017 National Policy and Response Strategy on Climate Change will guide the countrys efforts to mitigate the risks of climate change and reduce vulnerability. One of the greatest controversies of our day: global warming. Oil and Gas is used all the time in almost every industry. There are no excessively onerous visa, residence, work permit, or similar requirements that inhibit mobility of foreign investors and their employees, with the exception of the government requiring that residence/work permits be renewed annually with a renewal fee. They have achieved this through use of power supplied to the national grid from the Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant, the West Africa Power Pools cross border electrification projects, and other internationally-supported energy projects. c. ecosystem. The industrys liquidity ratio was recorded at 40 percent, and all commercial banks recorded liquidity ratios above the 15 percent regulatory minimum requirement in 2018. Factors that affect climate 1. The CBL Annual Report 2018 can be found at: . b. latitude. Here are five significant factors that can influence climate: Solar radiation: The amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is a major factor in determining climate. Local communities where foreign companies and concessionaires operate often are not aware of the roles of investors, their own roles, or those of the government in terms of environmental, social, and governance issues. What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? Regulatory agencies include the Forestry Development Authority (FDA), which regulates issues arising in the forestry sector; the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), which regulates aviation businesses; the Liberia Telecommunications Authority (LTA), which regulates telecommunications activities; the Liberia Maritime Authority (LMA), which regulates issues arising in the maritime sector; the National Port Authority (NPA), which regulates and largely owns port infrastructure; the Liberia Revenue Authority (LRA), which administers tax collections, tariffs and customs, and provides tax or customs related services; the Liberia Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (LEITI), which monitors, reconciles, and reports on payments made by extractive companies to the government and to local communities; and theLiberia Land Authority (LAA), which has a mandate for land policy, land administration, and oversight of land management regulation and use functions. 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