russian gypsy last names

Russian has six cases: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions "in", "on", "about", "in the presence of"). [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [419] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. [585] Mikhail Bakunin is referred to as the father of anarchism. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. [16][d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. [430] It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[431] which rose to roughly 145.5 million as of 2022. [226], The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. [160] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. ", "Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [44] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. [253] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. [545] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, who were later succeeded by the Belyayev circle,[546] and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. . [44], The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, and has the fifth-highest military expenditure. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. [480], Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. Russian is also spoken in Israel. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. [47][99][100], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[101] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [588] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. 2017. [493] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[494] remains a significant social issue. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [51] School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, but as of 2019 promises have been given that such schools will remain open in the near future. After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. [496] Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European literature and thought. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. )[citation needed]. .: , 1987. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;[441] while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descentof which the vast majority were Slavs,[442] with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples. [148] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. . . The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. [226] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [58] Only the Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation after it agreed to pay tribute in 1259. 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