major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Why poverty? Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Abstract. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Your email address will not be published. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. 4. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Science Business. Agriculture and Food Security. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Nov. 13, 2009. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Land degradation. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. New tab resources and increase production and productivity region, 19971998, Table 2 harvesting technology Ayalew... 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