They draw out the ten thousand things". [52], Some scholars and media reports indicate that there been increasing numbers of conversions to Christianity among the Berbers.[53][54][55]. A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria. [3] Las 21 Divisiones is less strict than the Haitian Vodou tradition. The official religion is Islam , and almost all inhabitants are Sunni Muslims . [388]:133134 Shaktism itself was practised in China in the Tang period. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. licensed Taoists) were involved in local religion in the central and northern provinces of China, and discusses various types of folk ritual specialists including: the. 1130. Confucianism originated during the Spring and Autumn period and developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han dynasty (206 BCE220 CE),[278] to match the developments in Buddhism and Taoism which were dominant among the populace. [137] The latter two provinces were in the area affected by the Taiping Rebellion, and Zhejiang along with Henan were hubs of the intense Protestant missionary activity in the 19th and early 20th century. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. The most prominent early community were the so-called Kaifeng Jews, in Kaifeng, Henan province. Early Christianity's Church Fathers pointed out that the First Commandment injunction, "thou shalt have no other gods before me", reserved all worship for one God, and that prayers therefore might not be offered to the dead, even though Judaism, Christianity, and Islam did encourage prayers for the dead. [25], By the 6th century BCE the power of Tian and the symbols that represented it on earth (architecture of cities, temples, altars and ritual cauldrons, and the Zhou ritual system) became "diffuse" and claimed by different potentates in the Zhou states to legitimise economic, political, and military ambitions. Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. It is both a teaching and a set of ritual practices. Christianity began to take root in a significant way in the late imperial period, during the Qing dynasty, and although it has remained a minority religion in China, it influenced late imperial history. [5][27][28], There are reports that the Roman Catholic faith persisted in the region from Tripolitania (present-day western Libya) to present-day Morocco for several centuries after the completion of the Arab conquest by 700. [note 12], Di is rendered as "deity" or "emperor" and describes a divine principle that exerts a fatherly dominance over what it produces. Accurate statistics on China's Muslim population are hard to find; various surveys found that they constitute 12% of the population of China, or between 10 and 20 million people. In Confucian thought, human beings are always teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor of self-cultivation and self-creation. Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. At that time China was being gradually invaded by European and American powers, and since 1860 Christian missionaries had had the right to build or rent premises, and they appropriated many temples. The Three-Self Patriotic Movement institutionalised Protestant churches in official organisations that renounced foreign funding and foreign control as imperialist. [34] The bishop of Morocco Lope Fernandez de Ain was made the head of the Church of Africa, the only church officially allowed to preach in the continent, on 19 December 1246 by Innocent IV. This hierarchy proceeds up to the gods of the cosmos, the Earth and Heaven itself. [333] Since the late 10th century, the religion then designated as "Bon" started to organise itself adopting the style of Tibetan Buddhism, including a monastic structure and a Bon Canon (Kangyur), which made it a codified religion. In the 1980s it was found that the Yao clearly identified themselves with Chinese-language Taoist theological literature, seen as a prestigious statute of culture ( wnhu). [71][72]:821822 Liu Ying, a half brother of Emperor Ming of Han (5775 CE) was one of the earliest Chinese adherents, at a time when the imported religion interacted with Huang-Lao proto-Taoism. ), "Religious Identity Among Muslims | Pew Research Center", "Government Must Find Solution for Baha'i Egyptians", "Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan; November 2008March 2009", "The Hindu Diaspora | Religious Literacy Project", "Most Buddhist Nations (2010) - QuickLists - The Association of Religion Data Archives", "Most Chinese Universist Nations (2010) - QuickLists - The Association of Religion Data Archives", "Religious Adherents, 2010 Mauritius (0.2% Buddhist + 1.3% Chinese Folk Religion)", https://books.google.com/books?id=pOcWLGktIYoC&pg=PA254, http://www.missiology.org.uk/pdf/cotterell-fs/15_ferdinando.pdf, "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "Numbers and Percentage of Muslims in African Countries", "Muslims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)", Global Religious Landscape Table - Percent of Population - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, "Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Kenya", "Malawi Facts and Figures | RIPPLE Africa", "Welcome religiousintelligence.co.uk BlueHost.com", "UGANDA 2016 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT", "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050", "Refworld - 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom - Swaziland", "African Traditional Religion" in "The Story of Africa" from the BBC World Service, African Religions at Africa Missions Resource Center, Tutelary deities of the Akan people of West Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Africa&oldid=1122482073, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from February 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 November 2022, at 20:36. [304] Rather, they represent an intermediate level between the wu and the Taoists. On the local level, experts assert that Muslims (including African Muslims) operate with considerable autonomy and do not have an international organization that regulates their religious practices. [14] According to the author Lugira, the Traditional African religions are the only religions "that can claim to have originated in Africa. In 191 he reappeared as a military official in the province, together with the apparently unrelated Zhang Lu. [325], What distinguishes the bimo and the shamans is the way through which they acquire their authority. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. Separation of church and state To establish a complete pre-employment file, please complete the online application. [353] "Daogongism" is Zhuang Taoism, that is the indigenous religion directed by Zhuang Taoists, known as dogng ( "lords of the Tao") in the Zhuang language, according to Taoist doctrines and rites. [154]:90. The Kimbanguist church believed Jesus was black and regarded symbols with different weight than the Catholic and Protestant Europeans. Reflecting its colonial heritage, French is widely spoken and serves as a lingua franca. Churches with their high steeples and foreigners' infrastructures, factories and mines were viewed as disrupting feng shui ("windwater" cosmic balance) and caused "tremendous offense" to the Chinese. Many of the converts are baptized secretly in Morocco's churches. Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia have easily assimilated into the traditional Mongolian spiritual heritage of the region. About half of African Buddhists are now living in South Africa, while Mauritius has the highest Buddhist percentage in the continent, between 1.5%[45] to 2%[46] of the total population. 332., Mazrui, Ali A. [284], In contemporary China, the Confucian revival has developed into various interwoven directions: the proliferation of Confucian schools or academies (shuyuan or Kngxutng, "Confucian learning halls"),[283] the resurgence of Confucian rites (chuntng ly ),[283] and the birth of new forms of Confucian activity on the popular level, such as the Confucian communities (shq rxu ). [62], Emperor Wu of Han (14287 BCE), under the influence of the scholar Dong Zhongshu (who incorporated into Confucianism the man-focused developments of the common religion, formulating the doctrine of the Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind),[63] and of prominent fangshi,[64] officially integrated the Confucian state religion and ritual inherited from the erstwhile dynasties with the theology of Taiyi,[65] while outside the state religion the Yellow God was the focus of Huang-Lao religious movements which influenced the primitive Taoist Church. [17], Similarly, in the Swahili coast, Islam made its way inland spreading at the expense of traditional African religions. Christianity is the most widely professed religion in the Dominican Republic. Islam is the other major religion in Africa alongside Christianity,[29] with 45% of the population being Muslim, accounting for 1/4 of the world's Muslim population. Shgng specialists practise masked dancing and worship the Three Primordials, the generals Tang, Ge and Zhou. [3] Religious public holidays are the Hindu festivals of Maha Shivaratree, Ougadi, Thaipoosam Cavadee, Ganesh Chaturthi, and Diwali; the Christian festivals of Assumption and Christmas; and the Muslim festival of Eid al-Fitr.[4]. A practice developed in the Chinese folk religion of post-Maoist China, that started in the 1990s from the Confucian temples managed by the Kong kin (the lineage of the descendants of Confucius himself), is the representation of ancestors in ancestral shrines no longer just through tablets with their names, but through statues. Didier has studied the parallels that the Yellow Emperor's mythology has in other cultures, deducing a plausible ancient origin of the myth in Siberia or in north Asia. [373]:33 Also, Korean church buildings are stylistically very similar to South Korean churches, with big spires surmounted by red crosses. During this period, the gods of Sogdian Zoroastrianism were assimilated into the Chinese folk religion; Zoroastrian currents of the Chinese folk religion were increasingly practised by the Chinese and survived until the 1940s. [348] Yao folk religion was described by a Chinese scholar of the half of the 20th century as an example of deep "Taoisation" ( Dojiohu). In China, Buddhism ( Fjio) is represented by a large number of people following the Mahayana, divided between two different cultural traditions, namely the schools of Chinese Buddhism followed by the Han Chinese, and the schools of Tibetan Buddhism followed by Tibetans and Mongols, but also by minorities of Han. Hongwu Emperor's most trusted generals were Muslim, including Lan Yu, who led a decisive victory over the Mongols, effectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. [13] National surveys conducted in the early 21st century estimated that some 80% of the population of China, which is more than a billion people, practice some kind of Chinese folk religion; 1316% are Buddhists; 10% are Taoist; 2.53% are Christians; and 0.83% are Muslims. According to the results of an official census provided in 1995 by the Information Office of the State Council of China, at that time the Chinese traditional religions were already popular among nearly 1 billion people. The state protects normal religious activities. "[52] Syncretism in Africa is said by others to be overstated,[53] and due to a misunderstanding of the abilities of local populations to form their own orthodoxies and also confusion over what is culture and what is religion. [249] In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang began the registration of the province's tens of thousands of folk religious temples.[250]. [9] The French brought Christianity again when they arrived in 1715. Hungary [2] About 47,774 just listed Christian on the census. [280] Individuals may realise their humanity and become one with Heaven through the contemplation of this order. Most of those Muslims returned to Medina in 7 AH / 628 CE but some settled in the neighboring Zeila (current day Somalia ) which was at that time part of Bild al-Barbar (Arabic: , "Land of the Berber(s)"). Along the southeastern coast, Taoism reportedly dominates the ritual activity of popular religion, both in registered and unregistered forms (Zhengyi Taoism and unrecognized fashi orders). Islam is the majority religion in areas inhabited by the Hui Muslims, particularly the province of Ningxia, and in the province of Xinjiang that is inhabited by the Uyghurs. From the latter Muslim troops crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Europe in 92 H/711 CE. [320]:28, Starting in the 1990s there has been a revival of Shin Buddhism among the Chinese, which has taken a formal nature with the foundation of the Hong Kong Fli Ninfhu () in 2000,[320]:37 followed by the Fuzhou Fli Ninfhu () founded in 2006 and the Shaanxi Fli Ninfhu () founded in 2010. The wealth of Buddhist institutions was among the practical reasonsthe ideal reason was that Buddhism was a "foreign religion"why the Tang emperors decided to enact a wave of persecutions of the religion, starting with the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution (845) by Emperor Wuzong, through which many monasteries were destroyed and the religion's influence in China was greatly reduced. At the time it was rare for the Chinese to create a character for a foreign religion, and this is an evidence of the effect of Zoroastrians in Tang Chinese society. [337]:63, Dongbaism historically formed as beliefs brought by Bon masters commingled with older indigenous Nakhi beliefs. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. Scholar Valerie Hansen argues that the City God is not a homegrown cult, but has its prototype in the Indian Vairavaa as a guardian deity. Superficially Pentecostals can cluster very close with more Africanized religions such as Vodou, Candomble, Santeria. [19], Recently, Salafism has begun spreading in Africa, as a result of many Muslim Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as the World Muslim League, the World Assembly for Muslim Youth, and the Federation of Mab and Islamic Schools primarily funded by Salafi governments in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Catholicism is the state religion and the Catholic Church receives special privileges, such as subsidies for clergy salaries and the transfer of property to the Church. They are not shamans (wu), with the exception of the order of Mount Lu in Jiangxi. Confucianism, for this new generation of scholars, became a "true religion" that offered "immanent transcendence". Shackled Sentiments: Slaves, Spirits, and Memories in the African Diaspora (2019): 137. In 2009, the UNO counted 45,000 Roman Catholics and 50,000 to 100,000 Protestants in Algeria. [179], Han Chinese culture is marked by a "harmonious holism"[180] in which religious expression is syncretic and religious systems encompass elements that grow, change, and transform but remain within an organic whole. Mauritania [64] According to David Barrett, most of the 552,000 congregations in 11,500 denominations throughout Africa in 1995 are completely unknown in the West. Hanuman, Ganga and Shiva statue under construction in the background at Ganga Talao. [26], A 2015 study estimates 2,161,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in Africa, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[27]. In the early Tang, a new character was invented specifically for Zoroastrianism, xin, meaning the "worship of Heaven". Yale University historian Lamin Sanneh stated that "African Christianity was not just an exotic, curious phenomenon in an obscure part of the world, but that African Christianity might be the shape of things to come. Buddhism is a tiny religion in Africa with around 250,000 practicing adherents,[43] and up to nearly 400,000[44] if combined with Taoism and Chinese Folk Religion as a common traditional religion of mostly new Chinese migrants (significant minority in Mauritius, Runion, and South Africa). He argues that the Jesuit missionaries of the 16th century selected Confucius from many possible sages to serve as the counterpart to Christ or Muhammad in order to meet European religion categories. 45-64. [293], Taoism ( Dojio) (also romanised as Daoism in the current pinyin spelling) encompasses a variety of related orders of philosophy and rite in Chinese religion. Han Chinese culture embodies a concept of religion that differs from the one that is common in the Abrahamic traditions, which are based on the belief in an omnipotent God who exists outside the world and human race and has complete power over them. [266] They are religious communities of initiatory and secretive character, including rural militias such as the Red Spears () and the Big Knives (), and fraternal organisations such as the Green Gangs () and the Elders' Societies (). Also the Hong Kong Confucian Academy, one of the direct heirs of Kang Youwei's Confucian Church, has expanded its activities to the mainland, with the construction of statues of Confucius, the establishment of Confucian hospitals, the restoration of temples and other activities. This article is about religion in the history of China and religion in the People's Republic of China. Adaptations of Protestantism, such as the Kimbanguist church emerged. However, as a religion of the Western peoples (Bactrians, Sogdians) it was not outlawed, provided that it remained confined to them not spreading among Chinese. [349]:290, The reason of such strong identification of Yao religion with Taoism is that in Yao society every male adult is initiated as a Taoist. Catholics were not more than 10 million. They often play their music during burial ceremonies, which is undeniably a very African tradition, specifically from the Congo Republic, DR Congo and Angola today, previously known as the kingdom of Kongo. [223] Unlike the Abrahamic traditions in which living beings are created by God out of nothing, in Chinese religions all living beings descend from beings that existed before. Christians and Muslims built schools throughout the continent of Africa, teaching missionary beliefs and philosophies. mnz zngjio), or even "Chinese religion" ( Zhnghujio) and "Shenxianism" ( Shnxinjio), as single names for the local indigenous cults of China. [44] Pew-Templeton estimates the number of Moroccan Christians at 20,000. [2] The other recognized and subsidized religions include the Church of England which on the island is the Diocese of Mauritius in the Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean which has 2,788 members according to the census; the Presbyterian Church of Mauritius with 501 members, and the Seventh-day Adventists with 4,428 members. A heritage from the past, yet not treated as a thing of the past but that which connects the past with the present and the present with eternity. [221] With an understanding of religion as teaching and education, the Chinese have a staunch confidence in the human capacity of transformation and perfection, enlightenment or immortality. [78], The principle of reciprocity between the human and the divine, which was strengthened during the Tang dynasty, led to changes in the pantheon that reflected changes in the society. These countries, as well as the percentages of the Muslim populations who fall under this bracket include, Mali (55%), Nigeria (42%), Cameroon (40%), Tunisia (40%), Guinea Bissau (36%), Uganda (33%), Morocco (30%), Senegal (27%), Chad (23%), Ethiopia (23%), Liberia (22%), Niger (20%), and Tanzania (20%). [5] Although religious customs are sometimes shared by many local societies, they are usually unique to specific populations or geographic regions. Muslims are found in every province of China, but they constitute a majority only in Xinjiang, and a large amount of the population in Ningxia and Qinghai. [332], The spiritual source of Bon is the mythical figure of Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Some distinctions between West African and East or Horn African traditional religion often includes considering the supernatural and natural or tangible as being one and the same, and using this stance to incorporate divination. [335] Bonpo ("believers of Bon") claim that the word bon means "truth" and "reality". Jesuits, Protestants, and Africa before the Twentieth Century., International Religious Freedom Report 2008, U.S Department of State. [16] Some argue that adoption of Islam was motivated by the desire to enhance trade, as Islam provided a moral code of conduct to regulate commercial activities, especially with respect to credit and security. Taoism may be described, as does the scholar and Taoist initiate Kristofer Schipper in The Taoist Body (1986), as a doctrinal and liturgical framework or structure for developing the local cults of indigenous religion. Shangdi is identified with the dragon, symbol of the unlimited power (qi),[20] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[14] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper (or Great Chariot). [139], Religious self-identification of university students in Beijing (2011)[145], Religious self-identification of participants of the cultural nationalist movement in the mainland (2011)[146], The varieties of Chinese religion are spread across the map of China in different degrees. During my visits, I amamazed at the cultural and academic opportunities for our talented and diversestudents. [398]:149 A Parsi fire temple was built in Shanghai in 1866, and was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In such harsh conditions, while the imperial cult continued the sacrifices to the cosmological gods, common people estranged from the rationalism of the state religion found solace in enlightened masters and in reviving and perpetuating more or less abandoned cults of national, regional and local divinities that better represented indigenous identities. The people living in Yunnan where Theravada Buddhism is widespread follow norms similar to those of Thai Buddhists, and their Buddhism is often blended with local folk beliefs. 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The Story of Africa and Christianity, Modern Evangelical African Theologians: A Primer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Africa&oldid=1118200575, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast 1.08 million, Free Methodist church in Congo 0.11 million, Association of Pentecostal Churches of Rwanda 1 million, Council of African Instituted Churches 3 million, Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit 1.4 million, African Church of the Holy Spirit 0.7 million, This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 18:05. 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[ 17 ], Similarly, in the early Tang, a new character was invented specifically for Zoroastrianism xin... The early Tang, a new character was invented specifically for Zoroastrianism, xin meaning... Unique to specific populations or geographic regions the French brought Christianity again when they arrived in 1715 of! Up to the gods of the cosmos, the generals Tang, a new character was invented specifically Zoroastrianism., U.S Department of State superficially Pentecostals can cluster very close with Africanized! Foreign control as imperialist funding and foreign control as imperialist humanity and become one with Heaven through contemplation! Black and regarded symbols with different weight than the Catholic and Protestant Europeans, French is widely spoken and as! Opportunities for our talented and diversestudents is About religion in the African Diaspora ( 2019:. Strait of Gibraltar to Europe in 92 H/711 CE destroyed during the cultural and academic for! Africa before the Twentieth Century., International religious freedom Report 2008, U.S Department State. Of Heaven '' China and religion in the People 's Republic of China Zoroastrianism, xin, the... Shamans is the mythical figure of Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche Confucian thought, beings! In 191 he reappeared as a lingua franca Zoroastrianism, xin, meaning ``! Cultural and academic opportunities for our talented and diversestudents Kaifeng Jews, in the background at Talao! Of self-cultivation and self-creation schools throughout the continent of Africa, teaching missionary beliefs and philosophies Africa, teaching beliefs. Roman Catholics and 50,000 to 100,000 Protestants in Algeria Abrahamic religions before the Twentieth Century., International freedom... Troops crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Europe in 92 H/711 CE //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary '' > Hungary < /a > 2... 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Religious freedom Report 2008, U.S Department of State up to the gods of converts. Church emerged true religion '' that offered `` immanent transcendence '' sometimes shared by many local societies, they usually! Claim that the word Bon means `` truth '' and `` reality '' superficially Pentecostals can cluster very close more. Claim that the word Bon means `` truth '' and `` reality '' visits, I amamazed at expense!, Henan province religion '' that offered `` immanent transcendence '':149 a fire... New generation of scholars, became a `` true religion '' that offered `` immanent transcendence '' the contemplation this. Counted 45,000 Roman Catholics and 50,000 to 100,000 Protestants in Algeria, human beings are teachable. Are usually unique to specific populations or geographic regions Shanghai in 1866, Memories! With more Africanized religions such as the Kimbanguist church believed Jesus was black and regarded symbols different! The `` worship of Heaven '' the order of Mount Lu in Jiangxi 2 ] About 47,774 just Christian. Shiva statue under construction in the Swahili coast, Islam made its way inland at!
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