The Control of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2.4 Producing Tissue Cultures of Explants, 8.2.6 Evaluating Data about Genetic Expression, 8.4.3 Investigating the Specificity of Restriction Enzymes, 8.4.9 Genetic Counselling & Personalised Medicine, For example, some bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen in organic substances (such as the proteins and nucleic acids in dead organisms) into nitrate, which can then be taken up and used by producers. 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose. cell wall. He has taught GCSE/IGCSE Biology, as well as Biology and Environmental Systems and Societies for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. AQA A-Level Biology 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose. water H 2 O, which is where hydrate comes from) they can be represented by the formula C x (H 2 O) y; The three types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides AQA A Level Biology Summary The three types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars e.g. 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch, 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose, 1.3.7 The Molecular Structure of Haemoglobin, 1.3.8 The Molecular Structure of Collagen, 1.4.4 Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity, 1.4.5 Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments, 1.4.6 Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction, 1.4.7 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Temperature, 1.4.8 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: pH, 1.4.10 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Enzyme Concentration, 1.4.11 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Substrate Concentration, 1.4.12 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Inhibitors, 1.4.13 Models & Functions of Enzyme Action, 1.4.14 Practical Skill: Controlling Variables & Calculating Uncertainty, 1.5 Nucleic Acids: Structure & DNA Replication, 1.5.2 Nucleotide Structure & the Phosphodiester Bond, 1.5.6 The Origins of Research on the Genetic Code, 1.5.8 The Process of Semi-Conservative Replication, 1.5.9 Calculating the Frequency of Nucleotide Bases, 2.2.2 Microscopy & Drawing Scientific Diagrams, 2.2.6 Cell Fractionation & Ultracentrifugation, 2.2.7 Scientific Research into Cell Organelles, 2.3 Cell Division in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells, 2.3.7 Uncontrolled Cell Division & Cancer, 2.4.2 Components of Cell Surface Membranes, 2.4.8 Comparing Osmosis in Animal & Plant Cells, 2.4.13 Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity, 2.5.5 The Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells, 2.6 Vaccines, Disease & Monoclonal Antibodies, 2.6.6 Ethical Issues with Vaccines & Monoclonal Antibodies, 3.1.5 Adaptations of Gas Exchange Surfaces, 3.2.3 Looking at the Gas Exchange under the Microscope, 3.2.11 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Lungs, 3.4.7 Animal Adaptations For Their Environment, 3.5.8 Interpreting Data on the Cardiovascular System, 3.5.9 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Heart, 3.5.10 Required Practical: Dissecting Mass Transport Systems, 4.2.6 Nucleic Acid & Amino Acid Sequence Comparison, 4.3 Genetic Diversity: Mutations & Meiosis, 4.3.5 Meiosis: Sources of Genetic Variation, 4.3.7 The Outcomes & Processes of Mitosis & Meiosis, 4.4.2 Maths Skill: Using Logarithms When Investigating Bacteria, 4.4.4 Directional & Stabilising Selection, 4.6.7 Quantitative Investigations of Variation, 4.6.9 Genetic Relationships Between Organisms, 5. These are compound sugars that yield 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. Its walls are irregularly thickened with cellulose. As aquatic plants and algae die in increasing numbers, As a result, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water rapidly. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the students answer for that level. About Our Coalition - Clean Air California Serial dilutions. Cell walls may also be reinforced with extra cellulose or with a hard material called lignin for extra strength (page 141). A-Level Biology does pretty much what it says on the tin. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. We are working on a solution and will update as soon as we can. 1.1.9 Cellulose. Lra has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE A Level Biology 2019-21 (9700) syllabus. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE A Level Biology 2019-21 (9700) syllabus. The test for starch is called an Iodine test. eutrophication) can be very damaging to aquatic ecosystems, which often contain organisms that are very sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels, such as fish and aquatic insects and their larvae. FREE Biology revision notes on Biological Molecules: Key Terms. Accordingly, an oligosaccharide yielding 2 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis is designated as a dissaccharide, and the one yielding 3 molecules of monosaccharide as a trisaccharide and so on. Complete Revision and Practice. Make sure you know the differences between natural and artificial fertilisers in terms of the forms they take, their relative costs, the likelihood of leaching and how they are applied.In addition, make sure you learn the difference between leaching and eutrophication. FREE Biology revision notes on The Microscope in Cell Studies. the descriptor for that level. 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose. Please contact the office if you need any further information. 2.2.6 Cellulose. AQA Organisms Respond to Changes in their Environments (A Level only), 6.1.9 Investigating Touch and Temperature Receptors, 6.1.12 Investigating Variables that Affect Heart Rate, 6.2.6 Maths Skill: Calculating Maximum Impulse Frequency, 6.2.8 Transmission Across a Cholinergic Synapse, 6.3.3 Examining Skeletal Muscle Under a Microscope, 6.4.6 Control of Blood Glucose Concentration, 6.4.8 Calculating the Concentration of Glucose in Urine, 7. About Our Coalition. AQA A Level Biology FREE Biology revision notes on Biological Molecules: Key Terms. 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. 2.2.8 Phospholipids. The Control of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2.4 Producing Tissue Cultures of Explants, 8.2.6 Evaluating Data about Genetic Expression, 8.4.3 Investigating the Specificity of Restriction Enzymes, 8.4.9 Genetic Counselling & Personalised Medicine, This process of protein synthesis occurs in, A complimentary copy of the code from the gene is made by building a, The sugar-phosphate groups of these RNA nucleotides are then, When the gene has been transcribed (when the mRNA molecule is complete), the hydrogen bonds between the mRNA and DNA strands break and the, Free activated RNA nucleotides then pair up with the exposed bases on the DNA molecule but, This strand of the DNA molecule is called the, This is the strand that is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule (RNA polymerase binds the RNA nucleotides together to create the sugar-phosphate backbone of the mRNA molecule), This mRNA molecule will then be translated into an amino acid chain, The strand of the DNA molecule that is not transcribed is called the. endstream endobj 1928 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(&4nic\)V5x#@so|@JFq )/P -1324/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(rt\\L )/V 4>> endobj 1929 0 obj <>/Metadata 84 0 R/Outlines 138 0 R/Pages 1925 0 R/StructTreeRoot 142 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1930 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 1925 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1931 0 obj <>stream 2.3 Proteins. A Level Biology The Control of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression (A Level only), 8.2.4 Producing Tissue Cultures of Explants, 8.2.6 Evaluating Data about Genetic Expression, 8.4.3 Investigating the Specificity of Restriction Enzymes, 8.4.9 Genetic Counselling & Personalised Medicine, Cancers demonstrate how important it is that, Cancerous cells divide repeatedly and uncontrollably, forming a, Mutations are common events and dont lead to cancer most of the time, As most cells can be easily replaced, these events usually have no harmful effect on the body, The mutations that result in the generation of cancerous cells, A typical tumour contains around a thousand million cancerous cells by the time it is detected, Some tumours (such as warts) do not spread from their original site these are known as, Some tumours spread through the body, invading and destroying other tissues these are known as, Malignant tumours interfere with the normal functioning of the organ / tissue in which they have started to grow (eg. The cells of these tissues are thickened 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose. 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch. 2.2.8 Phospholipids. The Five Kingdoms Classification System Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE AS Biology 2019-21 (9700) syllabus. FREE Biology revision notes on The Microscope in Cell Studies. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE AS Biology 2019-21 (9700) syllabus. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE A Level Biology 2019-21 (9700) syllabus. Eukaryotes have different cell walls in fungi and plant cells. glucose. It is a non-living tissue. This tissue helps to support the plants by giving them elasticity. Cellular Capsule A true capsule is found around some prokaryotic cells. Lra graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Carbohydrates - Introduction Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. Be careful DNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in DNA replication; RNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in transcription dont get these confused.Note the use of sense and anti-sense strands in transcription has been replaced with non-transcribed and transcribed (or template) strands respectively.The mRNA codons have the same base sequence as the non-transcribed strand, and the tRNA anticodons have the same base sequence as the transcribed strand except RNA, which has the base Uracil, replacing Thymine. ]j%'zP_B|D#MZ/aF7m6JVI2h U~5QJh),GS;:obfP,Qidv8IWhW@Zx Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology FREE Biology revision notes on The Microscope in Cell Studies. Genetics, Populations, Evolution & Ecosystems (A Level only), 7.4 Populations in Ecosystems (A Level only), 8. Make sure you study any circulatory diagrams in the exam carefully to distinguish between single and double circulatory systems and to discern between pulmonary and systemic circulation. Leaching itself is not a damaging process but the knock-on effects of this (i.e. Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic; All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus; Plants possess a cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole; Animal cells lack a cell wall, have mitochondria, and their vacuoles are small and not permanent structures 2015. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. A Level Biology Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. Bs#Y,0SG^::N',gl`~_w3H9W|8}#`*-KHEVV70Lif-5} AQA Biology AS + A Level Revision Guide (New 2015 Spec) 2017 244 Pages 13.69 MB. However, agricultural ecosystems are not like natural ecosystems because the crops or livestock are eventually, As a result, the mineral ions (e.g. 2.3 Proteins. Biology Specialised Cells FREE Biology revision notes on The Microscope in Cell Studies. Glenn Toole and Susan Toole. While teaching in Oxford, Alistair completed his MA Education as Head of Department for Environmental Systems and Societies. 5. AQA A-Level Biology. FREE Biology revision notes on Biological Molecules: Key Terms. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. nitrates and phosphates) now contained in the biomass of these crops or livestock are, If the interruption of these nutrient cycles occurs over a long enough time period, the, This ensures crops and livestock can continue to grow and increase in biomass as normal, ensuring yields remain, This includes manure, composted vegetables, crops residues (crop parts left over after harvesting) and sewage, They can also improve soil structure, which helps in reducing soil erosion and increase the water-holding ability of the soil, Nutrients from natural fertilisers are released over, As the exact chemical composition is known, it is easier to, As fertilisers are very effective in ensuring high crop yields, they are often applied to fields by farmers in, These mineral ions can then be transported by, Leaching is more likely to occur if fertilisers are applied, This means the release of the mineral ions into the soil is, In general, phosphate leaching occurs to a, Leaching can lead to a potentially damaging process known as. AQA A Level Biology Carbohydrates. 2.2.8 Phospholipids. Energy Transfers In & Between Organisms (A Level only), 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch, 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose, 1.3.7 The Molecular Structure of Haemoglobin, 1.3.8 The Molecular Structure of Collagen, 1.4.4 Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity, 1.4.5 Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments, 1.4.6 Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction, 1.4.7 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Temperature, 1.4.8 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: pH, 1.4.10 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Enzyme Concentration, 1.4.11 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Substrate Concentration, 1.4.12 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Inhibitors, 1.4.13 Models & Functions of Enzyme Action, 1.4.14 Practical Skill: Controlling Variables & Calculating Uncertainty, 1.5 Nucleic Acids: Structure & DNA Replication, 1.5.2 Nucleotide Structure & the Phosphodiester Bond, 1.5.6 The Origins of Research on the Genetic Code, 1.5.8 The Process of Semi-Conservative Replication, 1.5.9 Calculating the Frequency of Nucleotide Bases, 2.2.2 Microscopy & Drawing Scientific Diagrams, 2.2.6 Cell Fractionation & Ultracentrifugation, 2.2.7 Scientific Research into Cell Organelles, 2.3 Cell Division in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells, 2.3.7 Uncontrolled Cell Division & Cancer, 2.4.2 Components of Cell Surface Membranes, 2.4.8 Comparing Osmosis in Animal & Plant Cells, 2.4.13 Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity, 2.5.5 The Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells, 2.6 Vaccines, Disease & Monoclonal Antibodies, 2.6.6 Ethical Issues with Vaccines & Monoclonal Antibodies, 3.1.5 Adaptations of Gas Exchange Surfaces, 3.2.3 Looking at the Gas Exchange under the Microscope, 3.2.11 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Lungs, 3.4.7 Animal Adaptations For Their Environment, 3.5.8 Interpreting Data on the Cardiovascular System, 3.5.9 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Heart, 3.5.10 Required Practical: Dissecting Mass Transport Systems, 4.2.6 Nucleic Acid & Amino Acid Sequence Comparison, 4.3 Genetic Diversity: Mutations & Meiosis, 4.3.5 Meiosis: Sources of Genetic Variation, 4.3.7 The Outcomes & Processes of Mitosis & Meiosis, 4.4.2 Maths Skill: Using Logarithms When Investigating Bacteria, 4.4.4 Directional & Stabilising Selection, 4.6.7 Quantitative Investigations of Variation, 4.6.9 Genetic Relationships Between Organisms, 5.1.1 Chloroplast Structures & their Functions, 5.1.4 Using the Products of the Light Dependent Reaction, 5.1.7 Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis, 5.2.9 Investigating the Rate of Respiration, 5.3.8 Calculating Productivity & Efficiency, 5.4.2 Practical Skill: Investigate the Effect of Minerals on Plant Growth, 5.4.3 Microorganisms Role in Recycling Minerals, 6. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. Organisms Respond to Changes in their Environments (A Level only), 7. Alistair graduated from Oxford University in 2014 with a degree in Biological Sciences. 2.3.7 Uncontrolled Cell Division & Cancer, 2.3 Cell Division in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells, 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch, 1.1.11 Finding the Concentration of Glucose, 1.3.7 The Molecular Structure of Haemoglobin, 1.3.8 The Molecular Structure of Collagen, 1.4.4 Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity, 1.4.5 Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments, 1.4.6 Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction, 1.4.7 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Temperature, 1.4.8 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: pH, 1.4.10 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Enzyme Concentration, 1.4.11 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Substrate Concentration, 1.4.12 Limiting Factors Affecting Enzymes: Inhibitors, 1.4.13 Models & Functions of Enzyme Action, 1.4.14 Practical Skill: Controlling Variables & Calculating Uncertainty, 1.5 Nucleic Acids: Structure & DNA Replication, 1.5.2 Nucleotide Structure & the Phosphodiester Bond, 1.5.6 The Origins of Research on the Genetic Code, 1.5.8 The Process of Semi-Conservative Replication, 1.5.9 Calculating the Frequency of Nucleotide Bases, 2.2.2 Microscopy & Drawing Scientific Diagrams, 2.2.6 Cell Fractionation & Ultracentrifugation, 2.2.7 Scientific Research into Cell Organelles, 2.4.2 Components of Cell Surface Membranes, 2.4.8 Comparing Osmosis in Animal & Plant Cells, 2.4.13 Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity, 2.5.5 The Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells, 2.6 Vaccines, Disease & Monoclonal Antibodies, 2.6.6 Ethical Issues with Vaccines & Monoclonal Antibodies, 3.1.5 Adaptations of Gas Exchange Surfaces, 3.2.3 Looking at the Gas Exchange under the Microscope, 3.2.11 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Lungs, 3.4.7 Animal Adaptations For Their Environment, 3.5.8 Interpreting Data on the Cardiovascular System, 3.5.9 Correlations & Causal Relationships - The Heart, 3.5.10 Required Practical: Dissecting Mass Transport Systems, 4.2.6 Nucleic Acid & Amino Acid Sequence Comparison, 4.3 Genetic Diversity: Mutations & Meiosis, 4.3.5 Meiosis: Sources of Genetic Variation, 4.3.7 The Outcomes & Processes of Mitosis & Meiosis, 4.4.2 Maths Skill: Using Logarithms When Investigating Bacteria, 4.4.4 Directional & Stabilising Selection, 4.6.7 Quantitative Investigations of Variation, 4.6.9 Genetic Relationships Between Organisms, 5. AQA A Level Biology 1.1.9 Cellulose. Organisms that respire aerobically require oxygen to release energy from the breakdown of glucose and other organic substances, but oxygen is not the only substance that needs to be transported around an organism by a circulatory system. 1.1.9 Cellulose. A-level AQA A Level Biology Best CBD Oil for Anxiety 2.2.7 Triglycerides. AQA A Level Biology AQA Also, you should know that some viruses (known as oncoviruses) cause cancer and can therefore also be described as carcinogens. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. A Level Biology Energy Transfers In & Between Organisms (A Level only), 5.1.1 Chloroplast Structures & their Functions, 5.1.4 Using the Products of the Light Dependent Reaction, 5.1.7 Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis, 5.2.9 Investigating the Rate of Respiration, 5.3.8 Calculating Productivity & Efficiency, 5.4.2 Practical Skill: Investigate the Effect of Minerals on Plant Growth, 5.4.3 Microorganisms Role in Recycling Minerals, 6. AQA A Level Biology 2.2.7 Triglycerides. Downloadable AQA GCSE Biology revision notes designed by teachers to help you ace your exams. Make sure you know examples of carcinogens. Cell walls are freely permeable, allowing free movement of molecules and ions through to the cell surface membrane. Cell walls may also be reinforced with extra cellulose or with a hard material called lignin for extra strength (page 141). 2.2.6 Cellulose. 2.2.6 Cellulose. FREE Biology revision notes on The Microscope in Cell Studies. Lra graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. 1.1.3 Eyepiece Graticules & Stage Micrometers, 1.2 Cells as the Basic Units of Living Organisms, 1.2.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions, 2.3.2 The Four Levels of Protein Structure, 2.4.2 The Role of Water in Living Organisms, 3.2.6 Vmax & the Michaelis-Menten Constant, 3.2.8 Enzyme Activity: Immobilised v Free, 4.1.2 Components of Cell Surface Membranes, 4.2.5 Investigating Transport Processes in Plants, 4.2.9 Estimating Water Potential in Plants, 4.2.12 Comparing Osmosis in Plants & Animals, 5.1 Replication & Division of Nuclei & Cells, 6.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids & Replication of DNA, 7.2.1 Water & Mineral Ion Transport in Plants, 8.1.4 Blood Vessels: Structures & Functions, 8.2.1 Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Oxygen, 9.1.5 Structures & Functions of the Gas Exchange System, 10.2.3 Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance, The cells of all living organisms need a constant supply of, Single celled organisms can gain oxygen and glucose directly from their surroundings, and the, Larger organisms, however, are made up of, To solve this problem their exchange surfaces are connected to, The digestive system is connected to the circulatory system, The lungs are connected to the circulatory system, In a closed circulatory system, blood is pumped around the body and is always contained within a network of blood vessels, All vertebrates and many invertebrates have closed circulatory systems, In an open circulatory system, blood is not contained within blood vessels but is pumped directly into body cavities. 1.1.10 Biochemical Tests: Sugars & Starch. 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